The Temple of Athena at Miletus
 

Miletus History

   Miletus was an ancient city of Asia Minor, on the southern shore of the Latmic Gulf near the mouth of the Maeander river.

Ionia map (Click the image for a full screen view)

   The history of the city dates back to the Bronze Age. The information we can get dates back to the 2nd Millennium BCE. The settlers from Crete came to the city in 1500 BCE.

   The Minoans abandoned their colony in Miletus by 1400 BCE and were followed by Mycenaeans from Greece. They were the ones who fortified the city. Mycenaean Miletus was a dependency or ally of Ahhiwaya (Achaea) though its population was mostly Carian.

   Shortly after 1300 BCE the settlement was destroyed by fire -- probably at instigation of the Hittites who knew the city as Millawanda. The Hittites fortified the city against possible naval attacks by the Greeks.

   In 1000 BCE the city was captured by the Ionians. The Greek settlers from Pylos under Neleus are said to have massacred all the men in the old city, and built for themselves a new one on the coast.

   After 687 BCE the city started to be ruled by tyrants and began to settle colonies overseas.

   Along the Hellespont, the Propontis and the Black Sea coasts it founded more than sixty cities — among them Abydus, Cyzicus, Sinope, Dioscurias, Panticapaeum and Olbia. All these cities were founded before the middle of the 7th century BCE. By the 6th century BCE the city became a maritime empire.

   In addition to producing philosophers and historians, the city was also famous for its purple dye, its furniture, and the quality of its wool.

   On the Persian conquest Miletus passed under a new master; it headed the Ionian revolt of 500 BCE, and was taken by storm after the battle of Lade (494 BCE). Darius massacred most of the inhabitants, transported the rest to Ampe at the mouth of the Tigris river, and gave up the city to the Carians. This disaster was long remembered in Greece and made the theme of a tragedy by Phrynichus.

   The city recovered indeed when the Persians were expelled from the coast in 479 BCE, became a member of the Delian League, revolted against Sparta in 412 BCE, passed into Carian hands, and opposed Alexander on his southward march, succumbing only after a siege in 334 BCE.

   The 5th-century city plan was designed by the architect Hippodamus a native of Miletus and some of the extant remains date from that period.

Miletus map (Click the image for a full screen view)

   Miletus was a town of commercial importance throughout the Greco-Roman period, and received special attention from Trajan. Its harbors, once protected by Lade and the other Tragasaean islands, were gradually silted up by the Maeander river, and Lade is now a hill some miles from the coast. Ephesus took its place as the great Ionian harbor in Hellenistic and Roman times.

Miletus Monuments

   In Miletus the Temple of Athena was one of the most worth seeing monuments and was constructed in the 5th century BCE. The Theater was built in the 4th century BCE. In the east of the Agora is located the Roman stadium which was constructed in 150 CE. In the east of the stadium there are the baths of Faustina. Apart from them the monumental gate, the Temple of Serapis, the Agora built in the Hellenistic period, the Bouleuterion and the Nymphaeum are worth seeing. The Delphinium was a Hellenistic open air shrine to Apollo surrounded by stoas on the four sides with a 6th century BCE altar in the center.

The Temple of Athena

   Findings in the area such as pottery, votives of bronze and terracotta, and bronze griffin protomes indicate that a Sanctuary or cult center to Athena existed here from at least the archaic period, if not even earlier. Athena was worshipped in this area - as in other cities of coastal Asia Minor - from the Geometric period onwards.

   In the archaic period (7th c. BCE) a smaller Temple to Athena was erected on the site, oriented east-west; this was destroyed when the newer Temple was built.

   Sometime in the fifth century BCE, the second Temple to Athena was built on the site, and its orientation was altered to conform to the new city plan.

   In the late Hellenistic period, a peristyle house was built adjacent to the Temple peribolos at the west; in the Roman period, additions to this house encroached even further on the Temple area. In the Hellenistic period the construction of the West Agora of Miletus, to the north of the Temple of Athena, imposed further boundaries on the Temple area. In the Imperial period, shops or small workrooms were built to the east of the Temple, and directly over the eastern Temple two vaulted rooms were constructed.

Clickable plan of the Temple (Click the image for a full screen view)

   The Temple of Athena is the most ancient Temple of Miletus.

   It was built in the first half of the 5th century BCE (ca. 480-450 BCE) in the peninsula south of the Theater Harbor, where the West Agora was later built.

Miletus Theater and Temple of Athena (Click the image for a full screen view)

   The Temple, 18 meters wide and 30 meters long, rested on a high podium and had stairs in the front (the south side). No remains could be found of these stairs. In the central part of the podium, foundations of rough stone are the foundations of the square-shaped naos where the cult statue stood, and just in front are those of the pronaos.

Temple of Athena at Miletus (reconstruction) (Click the image for a full screen view)

   The strong foundation of this Temple, the only one surviving today, was made of slabs of gneiss, coming from the mountain-range of Latmos, located east of the Miletian peninsula.

Temple of Athena at Miletus from SW (Click the image for a full screen view)

   The Classical Temple of Athena was a peripteral (with columns on all sides) Ionic Temple. Each of the long sides of the peristasis had ten columns, the rear facade had seven and the front facade had six. The fewer number of columns in the front facilitated the entrance and exit.

   Scarce fragments have been preserved from the walls of the Temple, which makes the graphic reconstruction of its original appearance difficult.

   Fragments of Ionic capitals and architraves found in the excavation and now in the Miletus Museum, show that the Temple was built in the Ionic order. According to the features of these fragments and ceramic findings the Temple has been dated back to the first half of the 5th century BCE.

The Surrounding Area

   Excavations in the environs of the Temple of Athena have uncovered the earliest artifacts of Miletus. The remains around the Temple constitute layers of different periods, merged into one another.

   In the years 1955-57, K Weickert came across late Mycenaean (1400 BCE) walls, which extended just to the south of the Temple in an east-west direction and were 4 meters wide. These walls, of which a part can be seen today at the south-west corner of the Temple of Athena, were fortified with towers. The lower parts of the thick walls display an earlier period technique. These parts of the walls, made of rubble, have the characteristics of Minos (Crete) culture, and can be dated back to 1600 BCE. These excavations also revealed vestiges of dwellings of the Mycenaean period.

   The remains on the left side of the Temple of Athena belong to a large house of the Hellenistic period. It is understood that the marble-walled house was changed into a house with a peristyle in the Roman period (3rd century CE).

   In excavations carried out of the south side of the Temple of Athena in 1963, the foundations of another Temple, erected on an east-west axis and dated back to the 7th century BCE, were uncovered.

   All these excavations revealed, besides remains from the Cretan, Mycenaean, Geometric and Archaic periods, also ceramic finding from the same periods. Fine examples of these ceramics can be seen in the archaeological museums, in Istanbul and Izmir. The findings, and remains give evidence that the area and surroundings of the Temple of Athena was the oldest settlement areas of Miletus.

Gallery

Ionia Map 393 X 495 10 KB	Miletus Map 491 X 421 14 KB	Miletus Theater 522 X 337 60 KB
Temple Plan 374 X 412 10 KB	Temple Reconstruction 340 X 183 16 KB	Temple SW 592 X 396 67 KB
Temple area 591 X 396 30 KB	Theater and Temple 522 X 337 60 KB

  Tourist Information:
 

   The ancient city of Miletus (also Milet, Miletos and Balat) is located at the mouth of the Meander River in Western Anatolia, Turkey.

   Access by public transport is fairly easy from Soke or Gullubahce; all 'dolmuses' bound from Altinkum, Akkoy or Balat - the last village 2 km from the ruins - go past Priene and Miletus. At Akkoy, 6 km away, there are simple 'aeteries' (but no accommodation); otherwise some expensive snack bars cater for a tour-bus clientele near the site entrance.

   Today the city is located several kilometers away from the sea whereas it used to be a harbor city. However because of the river Meander the alluvium filled in the sea.

   The first monument one encounters on entering Miletus from the south is the Temple of Athena.

Temple of Athena Area (Click the image for a full screen view)

   Before the ticket stall turn right (see next picture) to find the Temple, located in the southwest of the city to the south of the Theater, only the foundations of the podium are in sight today.

Temple of Athena Area (entrance) (Click the image for a full screen view)

  Other Views:

Perseus Image: Illustration of Miletus. View from Theater toward W and former island of Lade.

Miletus clickable map: Miletus Theater.

Robert Viau, Ph.D.: Miletus Photo Gallery.

  Links:

The University of Liverpool - The School of Archaeology: Miletos, Western Turkey: Excavations at the Temple of Athena.

Perseus Building Catalog: Miletus, Temple of Athena.

Timeline: Greek period.

Milet Museum: Miletus and The Athena Temple And Its Environs.

Foundation of the Hellenic World - 3D & VR Sector: Miletus Project.

Foundation of the Hellenic World: A Walk Through Ancient Miletus.

Focus on the World Online Magazine: Focus on Miletus.